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Forestry Advance Access originally published online on May 19, 2008
Forestry 2008 81(3):377-387; doi:10.1093/forestry/cpn023
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© Institute of Chartered Foresters, 2008. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

This article appears in the following Forestry issue: Wind and Trees Special Issue [View the issue table of contents]

Wind effects on juvenile trees: a review with special reference to toppling of radiata pine growing in New Zealand

J. R. Moore1,*, J. D. Tombleson2, J. A. Turner3 and M. van der Colff3

1 Centre for Timber Engineering, Napier University, Merchiston Campus, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
2 Scans NZ Ltd, Rotorua, New Zealand
3 Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand

* Corresponding author. E-mail: j.moore{at}napier.ac.uk


  Abstract

Toppling, or the windthrow, of young (<2–3 years of age) trees is a problem in some regions of the world, including New Zealand. In that country, the incidence of toppling of young radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) trees is a concern to foresters. Toppling differs from wind damage in older forests as trees are not blown completely over, but instead attain a lean; a tree is said to have toppled when this lean exceeds 15° from vertical. Impacts of toppling include a higher incidence of stems with basal sweep and reduced selection choice at the time of pruning and thinning. When trees from toppled stands are harvested, basal sweep results in reduced yields of clearwood and increased levels of compression wood in sawn timber. This paper discusses the phenomenon of toppling and presents an overview of research that has been carried out to identify key causal factors and evaluate treatments which reduce this risk. Due to confounding influences, it is often difficult to experimentally determine those factors responsible. Therefore, a mechanistic model is proposed, which aims to predict the probability that a tree will topple, as well as allowing the effect of different management actions to be evaluated.

Received 5 September 2007.
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