Forestry Advance Access published online on May 8, 2008
Forestry, doi:10.1093/forestry/cpn020
Wind and Trees Special Issue |
Tree damage risk factors associated with large, infrequent wind disturbances of Carolina forests
1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 29599-3280, USA
2 Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
3 The Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
* Corresponding author. E-mail: xi{at}tamu.edu
| Abstract |
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Past studies of large, infrequent wind disturbances have shown that meteorological, topographic and biological factors interact to generate complex damage patterns, but have left open the extent to which these limited past findings are representative and can be used to predict future damage. We present a multi-scale, comparative analysis to examine how risk factors change over spatial scales and to evaluate the consistency in risk factors associated with three major wind events: a North Carolina Piedmont tornado of 1988, Hurricane Hugo of 1989 and Hurricane Fran of 1996. Our results reveal that the risk factors that best explain variation in damage vary with scale of observation. Tree size and species explain damage variation at the stand scale; topographic, site and stand factors explain damage variation at the landscape scale and wind speed and precipitation explain damage variation at the regional scale. However, it is possible to integrate these factors by incorporating factors from the finer scales into coarser-scale studies. We also found distinct differences in the damage caused by the hurricanes relative to the tornado, and to some extent consistency between hurricanes.
Received 6 August 2007.